DEFINITIONS
Is a
cognitive process that occurs internally within the central nervous system in
human time thinking (Gagne in Jamaris , 2006) . The term "Cognitive"
is derived from the word cognition means understanding ,to understand .
Understanding the extent of cognition ( cognition ) is the acquisition ,
structuring , and use of knowledge ( Neisser , 1976) . In further developments
, then the cognitive term became popular as one of the areas of human
psychology / an umbrella is a term that covers all forms of the introduction of
any mental behaviors associated with problem understanding , attention , giving
, thought , reasoning , information processing , problem solving , deliberation
, consideration , imagine , predict , thinking and beliefs . Including
psychiatric centers in the brain is also associated with cognation ( the will )
and affective ( feeling ) , related to the flavor . According to psychologist
cognitive flow , a person's behavior is always based on cognition , which is
the action to know or think about a situation in which the behavior occurs .
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Piaget's theory
• Jean
Piaget ( Swiss psychologist who lived from 1896-1980 ) is known as the theory
of intellectual development that thorough , which reflects the strength of the
biological and psychological function .
•
Piaget describes itself intelligence as biological adaptation to the
environment . example : humans do not have furry coats to protect them from the
cold ; humans do not have the speed to escape predators ; humans also do not
have expertise in climbing trees . But humans have a knack for producing
clothing and vehicles for transportation .
3
Aspects of Intelligence
According
to Piaget , intelligence can be viewed from three different perspectives :
1)Scheme structure also called ( schemata / Schemas
) . Structure and organization are in the neighborhood , but the human mind is
more than imitating the structure of external reality passively . Interaction
of the human mind with the external world , the world to match the "
mental framework " of his own . Mental cognitive structure is a framework
that is built one by taking and interpreting information from the environment ,
as well as transforming mere on its organization ( Flavell , Miller &
Miller , 1993) .
(2) important things that should be remembered
about building cognitive structures :
1 ) a person actively involved in the building process .
2 ) the environment in which a person interacts important for
structural development .
Piaget
did not see the cognitive structure as a mechanism of biological material . He
does not believe that children enter the world with a " basic tool "
for understanding reality . The children are slowly and gradually build their
own perception of reality . Cognitive structure formation starts early in life
as soon as the baby starts to have an experience with the environment . But is
not the new- born baby has no experience whatsoever on the environment ? Piaget
believes that a baby who is not fully versed has a structure that has been
formed to program them to interact with the environment , it's called a
physical structure , such as the human brain and nervous system as well as the
specific sensory organs and reflexes which is referred to as " automatic
behavioral reactions ". Baby train these structures in the interaction
with the environment and begin immediately to develop cognitive structures .
1)Content, i.e. the behavior patterns of specific
individuals when facing something of a problem . Material is rough , because
Piaget is less interested in what the children know, but more interested in
what the underlying thought processes. Piaget saw "content " is less
important than the structure & function , when the content is " what "
of intelligence , while the " how " and " why " is
determined by the cognitive or intellectual .
1).Function, which is a process by which cognitive
structures are built . All living organisms interact with the environment which
has the function through a process of organization and adaptation .
Organization : for intend to integrate themselves and the world into a form of
the parts into a single unit that meaningful, as a way to reduce complexity .
Adaptation to the environment occurs in 2 ways :
a. organisms manipulate the outside world in a way making it
similar to himself . This process is called assimilation . Assimilation took
something from the outside world and fitting it into the already existing
structure . example : humans assimilate food by making it into its component
nutrients, they eat food that is part of who they are .
b . organisms modify itself so that it
becomes more like the environment . This process as accommodation. When someone
accommodates something , they change themselves to meet external requirements .
example: not only the body but also accommodate assimilate food by secreting
gastric juices to destroy it and involuntary contractions of the stomach to
digest it .
The
second through the adjustment process, cognition systems change and evolve so
that a person can rise from one stage to on it. The adjustment process was an
individual because he wanted to reach a state of equilibrium, which is a state
of balance between the structure of cognition with environmental experience .
Someone will always try to be balanced to always achieved by using both the
above adjustments .
Thus ,
one's cognition evolved not because of receiving knowledge of the outside
passive but the person is actively constructing knowledge .
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