Deja Vu and its origins

Almost all of us have experienced what is called deja vu : a strange feeling to say that the new events we are feeling we 've actually experienced much earlier . This event could be a new place being visited , conversations are being conducted , or a TV show that is being watched . More strangely again , we are also often not able to really remember when and how it occurred prior experience in detail . All we know is the mysterious sensation that makes us not feel strange about the new event .Strangeness of the phenomenon of deja vu in turn gave some metaphysical theories that try to explain causality. One is the theory that deja vu is actually derived from a similar incident ever experienced by our souls in one previous reincarnation of life in the past . How to explain the science of psychology itself ?Associated with Age and Degenerative DiseasesAt first , some scientists believe that deja vu occurs when optical sensations received by the eye to the brain ( and perceived ) first rather than the same sensations received by the other eye , causing a feeling familiar to something that is actually the first time seen . Theory known as " optical pathway delay " was broken when in December last year found that people can experience deja vu butapun through the sense of smell , hearing , and perabaannya .In addition , previously Chris Moulin of the University of Leeds , UK , have found also sufferers of chronic déjà vu : the people who are able to explain in detail the events that never happened . They felt no need to watch TV because they feel have been watching the TV show before ( but not yet ) , and they did not bother to go to the doctor to treat ' penyakit'nya because they felt it was going to a doctor and can tell the details during his visit ! Instead of misperceptions or delusions , researchers began to look into causes of deja vu in the brain and our memory .More recently , an experiment in mice may provide new insight about the origin of the actual deja vu . Susumu Tonegawa , an MIT neuroscientist , bred mice lacking a number of the dentate gyrus , a small part of the hippocampus , which is functioning normally . This section previously known to be associated with episodic memory , the memory of our personal experience . When encounter a situation , the dentate gyrus will note signs of visual , audio , smell , time , and other signs of the senses to be matched with our episodic memory . If no match is found , this situation would be ' registered ' as a new experience and recorded for future comparisons .According to Tonegawa , normal mice have the same ability as humans to match the similarities and differences between some situations . However , as expected, the mice that the dentate gyrus is not its normal function and then have difficulty in distinguishing the two situations are similar but not identical . This, he added , could explain why the experience of deja vu increases with age or the emergence of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease : loss or damage to the cells in the dentate gyrus due to two things make it hard to determine if something is ' new ' or ' old ' .Creating ' Deja Vu ' in the LaboratoryOne of the things that made ​​it difficult for researchers to unravel the mystery of deja vu is spontaneous and natural occurrences can not be predicted . A researcher can not simply ask participants to come and ' told ' they are experiencing deja vu in a sterile lab conditions . Deja vu generally occur in daily life , where it is not possible for the researcher to constantly connect participants with brain scanners are bulky and heavy . In addition, the rarity of deja vu going to make follow participants anywhere at any time is not a thing to be done efficiently and effectively . However, some researchers have managed to simulate conditions similar to deja vu .As reported by LiveScience , Kenneth Peller from Northwestern University found a simple way to make someone have a ' false memories ' . The participants were shown a picture , but they were asked to imagine a totally different picture in their minds . Having done several times , the participants were then asked to choose whether a particular image they actually see or just imagined . It turns out the pictures were only imagined participants often claimed they actually saw . Therefore , deja vu may occur when by chance a person experienced similar events or similar to the picture I ever imagined .LiveScience also reported experiments Akira O'Connor and Chris Moulin of the University of Leeds in creating the sensation of deja vu through hypnosis . The participants were first asked to recall a series of lists of words . Then they hypnotized so that they ' forget' those words . When the participants were shown a list of similar words , half of them reported a similar sensation like dejavu , while the other half are confident that they are experiencing is really deja vu . They think this happens because the brain areas associated with familiarity harassed her by hypnosis .

Reference:

Rozali Abdullah, indigo, 1993,  Rajawali Pers Jakarta.

Assiddiq Jimly, Tell Me Your Dreams, 1960, Brathara Jakarta

Oleh:

6 The Age of Faith Development Phase

Like it or not , talk of religion will always attract a lot of people , ranging from the orthodox and fundamentalist to moderate and liberal . From the discussion , it will usually be seen how his religious faith in his Lord anyone . There are strict rules hold ; deviations and additions mean perverted , pagan , or go to hell without mercy . On the other hand , some are impressed with the cool ritual for them , what matters is the golden rule : Treat others ( well ) we want to be treated like everyone else ( well anyway ) .Why can there are various forms of appreciation of the faith ? According to James Fowler , a theologian , an environmental factor or factors ' guidance ' / ' gift ' is not enough to explain it . Faith also is the interaction of the above factors in mind someone who has matured with age . From that understanding, he then developed a growth stage of faith from the perspective of developmental psychology .For Fowler , faith is defined as a ' way of seeing or knowing the world ' . Faith also does not have to always be drawn to a god or other creature ; faith in science , humanity , or even Jedi legitimate referred to as faith , as long as the object of faith is believed to be the most valuable (ultimate worth ) and is able to give meaning to his life .Starting with the definition , he and his colleagues from Harvard Divinity School interviewed more than 400 people by age, creed , ethnicity , educational background , and socio - economic backgrounds are diverse . The result was 6 stages of faith development from beginning to end one's life . The sixth stage is passed to the linear , meaning that the next phase can only be achieved after completion of the previous stage . However , the picture of life in every stage just a rough estimate ; transition to the next stage is usually triggered by a new experience , a crisis , or enlightenment which shook the faith . Because of this , many people who never left his life of a particular stage , although some are able to pass through certain stages before reaching age 'should ' .Phase 1 : Intuitive - projective faith ( ages 18-24 months to 7 years )At the time of this ' faith ' children gained a lot of what adults tell . From the stories that they form a picture of the mighty God , the imaginative heaven , and hell is terrible . The general picture is irrational , because at this age children do not understand cause and effect and have not been able to separate reality and fantasy . They also still difficult to distinguish God's perspective with their viewpoint or parents . The concept of God is believed in this age range in compliance ( obedience ) and punishment (punishment ) .Stage 2 : Mythic - literal faith ( ages 7 to 12 years old )Children are more logical and outlook will begin to develop a more orderly universe . Although he followed the beliefs and rituals of parents and the community , they tend to believe the story and religious symbols literally because at this age children are not able to think abstractly. On the other hand , they have to understand that God has a different perspective to the business and takes into account the person's intentions before the ' judge ' . They believe that God is just in giving appropriate rewards for humans .Stage 3 : Synthetic - conventional faith ( adolescence and subsequent )Once able to think abstractly , adolescents begin to form ideologies ( belief systems ) and a commitment to certain ideals . In this period they began to search for identity and personal relationship with God . But their identities have not been completely formed , so they are also still seeing other people ( usually peers) for moral guidance . Their faith can not be questioned , and in accordance with the standards of the community . This stage is generally found on the followers of organized religion ; approximately 50 percent of adults may not be past this stage .Stage 4 : Individuative - reflective faith ( early to mid twenties )They were able to reach this stage begin to critically examine their faith and rethink their beliefs , regardless of any external authority and group norms . At this stage the problem of young people generally associated with a life partner , so moving to this stage can be triggered by divorce , death of a friend , or other events that cause stress .Stage 5 : conjunctive faith ( mid-life )At middle age , people become increasingly aware of the limits of his wits . They understand the paradoxes and contradictions in life , and often face a conflict between the need to satisfy ourselves with the sacrifice for others . When it began to anticipate death , they can reach deeper understanding and acceptance , which is integrated with the faith that they had before .Stage 6 : Universalizing faith (elderly )In the last stage that can rarely be achieved , there are moral and spiritual leaders , such as Mahatma Gandhi , Martin Luther King , and Mother Teresa , whose vision and commitment to humanity touched so many people . They are driven by a desire to " participate in a force that unites and change the world " , but remain humble , simple , and humane . Because often threatening power , they often become martyrs , and even love life , they are not tied to it .Criticism and LimitationsAs a preliminary findings ( if not to say pioneers ) in the areas of faith development , then there is natural that some criticism of Fowler research that has resulted in this stage . Of the sampling process , the study subjects more representative of the population Fowler western cultured with intelligence and a pretty good education . On those who are excluded, particularly non - western civilized society , this result should be tested further . In addition , the definition of ' faith ' is used somewhat differently Fowler of a more general sense that more emphasis acceptance of introspection rather than cognitive . He was also criticized for the faith of the simple and undeniable as immature faith .Despite all the criticisms and limitations , the stages of faith development efforts should be appreciated . In the midst of an aggressive attack from some scientists who think religion and faith in God as a mental illness , delusions , or schizophrenia , Fowler is the initial effort of many advanced research conducted by psychological scientists to reconcile science and religion .Reference :Papalia , D. E. , Olds , S. W. , & Feldman , R. D. ( 2007) . Human Development : Tenth Edition . New York : McGraw - Hill .

When Children More Like The Real World Reality Show Instead

Taken from Science News for KidsGenerasi young at this age are children being raised by television . They present to the world in which TV has been dropped from the list of luxury goods and is considered a primary requirement . They grow when private TV stations began to appear commercially oriented . Now they can choose more than seven local TV channels and dozens of international TV channels ; most of which provide impressions for 24 hours straight without a day off . Event types are displayed also not lose many , ranging from the informative to the manipulative . Everything can be accessed in an instant with just one touch of the remote control button .With all the charm of a small box is offered , certainly appears concerns of parents about the side effects that may be caused by exposure to the new media . Most of these concerns are just a form of paranoia from the generation who feel alienated , but some are actually real . Consider the following findings on the effects of watching TV at a very young age .As reported by Yahoo! News , a new study on the subject published by the international journal Pediatrics . The survey, conducted by Carl Landhuis of the University of Otago in Dunedin long-term , involving more than 1,000 children in New Zealand who were born between April 1972 and March 1973. Landhuis found that the children , both men and women , who watch TV more than two hours a day will have symptoms of problematic concentrations of 40 percent more when they were teenagers . Not affiliated the amount of time spent in front of TV teens , also suggests that the negative effects of TV viewing on children is permanent .There are several possibilities that could explain the raised Landhuis this relationship . The first , rapid movement scene in most TV programs are too intense to stimulate a child's brain is still in its infancy . As a result , children become bored more quickly in real life is a routine activity or slower rhythms , such as school work . The second possibility is the lack of active involvement of elements in watching TV that conditioned the child to have a similar mindset in other activities that require mental engagement , such as reading and sports .Indeed, this research could not really determine the direction of causality between the definite time watching TV with concentration problems . According Landhuis , in addition to the possibility that the duration of watching TV cause concentration problems , could have the opposite happens : the child who from the beginning has been prone to have problems with concentration is more like watching TV than doing anything else . But anyway , the relationship between the two remains very real and should be aware that we all care about the child's development .

Reference:

Anam,Saiful.2011, Pendidikan Anak Sejak Dini, Galang Press : Yogyakarta

Being Yourself Seen From the Side Psychological

Imagine yourself buying a new car . What do you feel ? Happy and unhappy ? Now imagine you managed to do something which has always really wanted to do . As in, get the job you desire , reach the top of a mountain you want to climb first , or successfully make a perfect recipe . What do you feel ? Happy and unhappy ? Are there differences in feelings of pleasure and happy in both the shadows ?

Since ancient Greece , Aristotle already feel that there are other happiness than the happiness that just gives a sense of pleasure , such as buying a new car , feel the pleasure hangover after drinking alcohol , having sex and others. If Aristotle called happiness is the cause of pleasure as Hedonic happiness , Aristotle called happiness " other " as Eudaimonic happiness , which is when a person feels his life has run potential to the fullest .

Eudamonic happiness , according to Aristotle , happiness is not empty or missing after the source of happiness that is not visible to the eye or not felt by the sense of taste . For example , a wonderful relationship with someone can bring a smile to our faces , even when the person is away in the country side , or even died .

According to Aristotle , happiness is more Eudaimonic psychiatric , thus making life more prosperous one . Just look at the example above , the feeling when we won the ideals which we have long dreamed of is certainly more valuable than a new car , right ? Researchers in this modern era of Aristotle agrees explanation .

Three researchers from the United States ( Michael Steger , Todd Kashdan , and Oishi Shigehiro ) proves the words of Aristotle . They find that in life , people will find happiness or happiness Eudamonic Hedonist . But only happiness Eudamonic associated with mental well-being ( psychological well - being) . They found that after undergoing Eudamonic happiness , people feel more satisfying life , feeling that her life has meaning , and feel more positive emotions .

One way to achieve happiness Eudamonic is to be yourself . As an illustration , imagine an accountant who feels that he is more than happy to be a painter . Of course he would feel happier if he switched professions to become a painter ( or at least get the opportunity to participate in a weekend tutoring painting ) . Or another example , a wife who feels guilty because she was attracted to his co-workers at the office . This guilt ( which inhibits the feeling of happiness ) can be eliminated by accepting the fact that she is attracted to someone other than her husband , and it 's okay as long as he's not having an affair with that person .

Being yourself does require effort and courage . We must be willing to listen and accept our darkest thoughts . We should also try to follow our deepest desires ( eg , a man who wants a sex change because he felt that his soul is a woman ) despite pressure from the family or the environment around us . Being yourself does have its own risks . However , in this era of more open , now is the time most conducive to trying to be yourself , so you psychologically happy and prosperous .

Ways to Become Ourselves
1 . reading the novel
Reading the novel provides an opportunity for you to see other points of view . May , by exploring a different perspective from your point of view , instead you will find a more suitable perspective with you.

2 . meditation
In addition to being an opportunity to listen to the voices within you , meditation can give you happiness that does not depend on the results of your work . By knowing the pure happiness , you can find out what really makes you happy .

3 . Choose what you want
Do not let your environment dictate . Decide what you want , and do it . Once in a while do not even think too much about your decision .

4 . Relating to others
Found that other people want ( and have ) to live as they wish .

5 . Revel in accordance with who you are
Sports or chatting aimlessly with your friends at the cafe might be a good idea ( if you like ) .

6 . accept defeat
Do not let failures add to your unhappiness . Accept failure proven to reduce a sense of disappointment .

Reference:

Erwin Eka F.P. 2011.Hypnotherapist & Psychotherapist ,Bentang Pustaka :Yogyakarta 

Pros and Cons of Video Game Effects

Pros and cons have appeared related to the influence of video game players . Parties pro states that video games have positive potential if explored will benefit thinking skills , health and personality aspects . But the counter- parties also saw the potential negative aspects of video games on aggression , health and achievement . Therefore, educators need to begin to consider video games to be one of learning media , well aware of his weakness .

Of several studies found that playing video games can improve players' ability to think . An experiment found that by playing action video games can stimulate change some sensory abilities , perceptual and attention , in spatial ability . Other studies have found that game players have better skills than non - players in determining whether a stimulus visual / auditory appear simultaneously or not . From a study of elderly people found that seniors who play sports simulation video games show increased executive control abilities and the tasks that require information processing speed .

In addition to having an influence on the thinking aspect , video games also have influence in the world of health . From the study of the elderly found that they were more obedient to run training provided through sports simulation game and is willing to do the training activity , because the task is played through video game ( using the Wii console ) is more fun than video games that use passive or treadmill exercise . Other studies have found that video games can improve the quality of health care by increasing the ability of doctors to dissect and currently serve patients . Moreover , video games can also increase patient participation in knowing the disease , increasing knowledge about their disease and improve patient compliance in treatment .

In addition to the field of cognitive and health , video games also have an influence on aspects of personality . A study found that playing video games has a relationship with the high persistence at tasks . Increased persistence will help increase motivation in learning activities . With another study that found that video games with prosocial charge increases prosocial behavior players . Examples of such behavior helps experimenter took the pencil fall , wants to help and be helped next experiment experimenter who is being bullied .

In contrast , the counter -party state that video games bring more harm to the players , such as violence , aggression , negative views of women or social isolation . Another impact of video games is related to cardiovascular activity , where gamers will reduce physical fitness if replacing the sporting activities with game playing . The next impact , video games stimulate seizures , as a result of looking at the screen too close while playing . The third impact is nintendinitis , the pain in the right thumb extensor tendon caused by pressing the video game repeatedly . The fourth is the impact of a pathological preoccupation with video games , where a person playing the game to run away from the problems at hand . Final impact is increased aggressive behavior and decrease prosocial behavior , although both are still being debated .

Other studies have found a negative relationship between playing video games and index performance , or value . That is, the longer the play , the lower the GPA , or vice versa . Students who watched her play also tend to have a low GPA . The players also have a tendency to play video games to avoid schoolwork . In addition , several other studies have shown that that video games containing violence increase and decrease behavior agresisivitas helpful in children and young adults .

From the various results of a study evaluating the effect of video games , there is no doubt that video games have a positive potential to be used in a learning situation . But nonetheless , educators or curriculum -makers need to consider some of the results of studies showing the negative effects of video games , when designing learning . By doing so , the potential of video games can be mitigated negative and positive potential can be maximized .

Reference:

Burgess , S. R. , Stermer , S. P. , & Burgess , M. C. ( 2012) . Video Game Playing and Academic Performance in College Students . College Students Journal , 376-387 .

Donohue , S. E. , Woldorff , M. G. , ​​& Mitroff , S. R. ( 2010) . Video game players show more precise Multisensory temporal processing abilities . Attention , Perception , & Psychophysics , 1120-1129 .

Dorman , S. M. (1997 ) . Video and computer games : Effect on children and implications for health education . The Journal of School Health , 133-138 .

Graves , L. , Ridgers , N. , Williams , K. , Stratton , G. , Atkinson , G. , & Cable , N. ( 2010) . The physiological cost and enjoyment of Wii Fit in adolescents , young adults , and older adults . Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 393-401 .

Green, C. S. , & Bavelier , D. (2006 ) . Effect of Action Video Games on the Spatial Distribution of Visuospatial Attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance , 1465-1478 .

Greitemeyer , T. , & Osswald , S. ( 2010) . Effects of Prosocial Video Games on Prosocial Behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 211-221 .

Kato, P. M. ( 2010) . Video Games in Health Care : Closing the Gap . Review of General Psychology , 113-121 .

Maillot , P. , Perrot , A. , & Hartley , A. ( 2012) . Effects of Physical -Activity Interactive Video - Game Training on Physical and Cognitive Function in Older Adults . Psychology and Aging , 589-600 .

Spence , I. , & Feng , J. ( 2010) . Video Games and Spatial Cognition . Review of General Psychology , 92-104 .

Squire , K. (2003 ) . Designing Game - Based Learning Environments . Picked December 30, 2012 , from Kurt 's Research : http://website.education.wisc.edu/kdsquire/tenure-files/39-squire-IJIS.pdf

Ventura , M. , Shute , V. , & Zhao , W. ( 2012) . The relationship between video game use and a performance - based measure of persistence . Computers & Education , 52-58 .

Reading the Mind of Others In Everyday Life

Many thought that reading minds is the work of a psychologist , or even a psychic healer . However , believe it or not , in everyday life , you all are a mind reader . Therefore , without the ability to know the thoughts and feelings of others , we all would not be able to deal with social situations as easy as anything . By reading minds , we can make predictions about a person's behavior and enables us to determine the next decision .

If we do this with the bad readings , the impact can be serious : the conflict could have occurred due to misunderstanding . Examples of real trouble recognizing the thoughts and feelings of others - mindblindness , can be seen in people with autism , which is the inability to be a disruptive condition .

The ability to read minds , which is by William Ickes - professor of psychology at the University of Texas , referred to as empathic accuracy .

Where did it come from?
Ability ( limited ) to read our minds according to professor Ross Buck - Communication Sciences at the University of Connecticut , has a very long history . He said that , through millions of years of evolution , humans evolved communication systems become more complicated when life was also becoming more complex . Read minds then become a tool for creating and maintaining social order ; like help knowing when to agree to a commitment with a partner or arbitrate disputes with neighbors .

This capability alone appeared since humans are born . Newborns prefer face someone other than the stimulus , and the baby was a few weeks was able to imitate facial expressions . In 2 months , babies are able to understand and respond to the emotional state of the caregiver . Nancy Eisenberg , professor of psychology at Arizona State University and an expert in emotional development , said that the baby is 1 year old adults were able to observe the expression and use it to determine the next behavior . Added, 2 -year -old baby is able to infer other people's desires from his eyes , and at the age of 3 years , the baby can recognize facial expressions of happy , sad or angry . At the age of 5 years , the baby already has a basic ability to read other people's minds , they already have a " theory of mind . " Babies are able to understand that other people have thoughts , feelings and beliefs are different from their own .

Children had developed the ability to read minds by observing adult conversation , where they differentiate and complexity of the rules of social interaction . In addition , play activities with peers can also train children to read the minds of other children . However , not all children can develop this ability . Children who experience neglect and violence tend to have problems in developing the ability to read minds . For example , children who grew up in a family filled with violence , may be much more sensitive to angry expressions , although not actually angry emotions arise .

Furthermore , the ability to read minds more advanced usually appears in late adolescence . This happens because of the ability to keep the perspective of several people in the same time - and then integrate it with our knowledge and a person's ability - often requires a highly developed brain .

How to Read Mind ?
Reading body language is a core component of reading minds . Through body language , we can determine a person's basic emotions . Researchers found that when a person observes the gestures of others, they can recognize the emotions of sadness, anger , joy , fear , etc. , even when the observation is only done with minimal lighting .

Facial expression is also a marker for us to be able to know what other people think . But unfortunately , many of us were not able to detect the expression . One rich source of this marker is one's eyes ; muscles around the eyes . One's eyes are the richest source marker than other parts are there in the face . For example : when the sad eyes down , open wide when scared , it looks out of focus when being delusional , staring jealous , or staring around when impatient .

We can know the mind of another of the components in the conversation - the words , gestures , and tone of voice . But among the three, Ickes found that the contents of the conversation to be the most important component in a well- read mind .

Being a Mind Reader Ulung
Then , how we can become a better mind reader ? Team of Psychology Today has formulated some things that can help us to read minds .

Get to know other people . " The ability to read minds would be increased , the more we get to know the other person , " said William Ickes . When we interact with someone for a little over a month , we will be easier to recognize what he was thinking and feeling . This can happen because : we are able to interpret the words and action from others with more precise , after watching her in various situations , secondly , we know what's going on in their lives , and be able to use that knowledge to understand them in the context of the broader .

Ask for feedback . Research shows that we can improve reading skills by asking the truth of our guesses . For example , " I hear , it seems like you 're angry . Right? "

Note the upper part of the face . False emotion , usually expressed at the bottom of a person's face . Meanwhile , according to Calin Prodan - professor of neurology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , primary emotions can be seen from the most to the face , usually around the eyes .

More expressive . Emotional expressivity tend reciprocal . Ross Buck , " the more we are expressive , the more we will receive information about the emotional state of other people around us . "

Relaxed . By Lavinia Plonka , author of Walking Your Talk , a person tends to " make yourself " with his interlocutors through posture and breathing patterns . If you feel tense , you could talk to your friends , unwittingly , become too tense and inhibited , and eventually become difficult to read . Take a deep breath , smile , and try to show openness and acceptance to anyone who was with you .

Critical Review
We need to remember , that these emotional expressions can be different in different cultures . Sad expression in one culture , may be interpreted as another emotion in another culture . So if you want to read someone , we need to also consider the cultural elements that apply to where the person lives , do not let one guess , or even lead to misunderstandings .

We also can not rule out this mind-reading phenomenon as a phenomenon commonly diasosisasikan with supernatural abilities , because contrary to belief , there are indeed people who have the ability to read thoughts that are difficult to explain science . At least the author has found some people with the ability to read minds , which is even capable of seeing the future and all sorts of things that hard to accept reason .

Referensi;

Warsidi, Edi. 2011.MEMBACA PIKIRAN ORANG LAIN SEJELAS MEMBACA BUKU, Pustaka: Jakarta