Intelligence and IQ

According to David Wechsler , intelligence is the ability to act in a focused , think rationally , and deal effectively environment . in general it can be concluded that intelligence is a process that involves mental ability to think rationally . Therefore , intelligence can not be observed directly , but must be inferred from a variety of real action which is a manifestation of the process of rational thinking .The factors affecting intelligence are :Congenital or hereditary factorsResearch shows that the correlation of IQ test scores of one family of about 0.50 . While in the second twins , the correlation of IQ test scores are very high , about 0.90 . Other evidence is the adopted child . Their IQ correlates about 0.40 to 0.50 with the actual mother and father , and only 0.10 to 0.20 with his adoptive mother and father . Further evidence in twins reared apart , they remain correlated IQ is very high , even though they may never know each other .environmental factorsAlthough there are characteristics that are essentially innate , it could lead to environmental changes that matter. Intelligence certainly can not be separated from the brain . Brain development is affected by nutrients consumed . In addition to nutrition , the stimuli that are cognitive of the emotional environment also plays a very important role .Intelligence and IQPeople often equate the meaning of intelligence with IQ , whereas the second term has a different meaning in a very fundamental . Meaning of intelligence has been described before , whereas levels of IQ or Intelligence Quotient , is a score derived from a test of intelligence . Thus , IQ only give little indication of a person's intelligence level and does not reflect a person's overall intelligence .IQ scores initially calculated by comparing mental age ( Mental Age ) with chronological age ( Chronological Age ) . When the individual's ability to solve the problems presented in the intelligence test ( mental age ) is equal to the capabilities that should be present in individuals of his age at the time ( chronological age ) , it will obtain a score of 1 . Score is then multiplied by 100 and used as the basis for calculating IQ . But then the problem arises because once the brain reaches maturity , the development does not happen again , even at some point there will be a decreased ability .measurement of IntelligenceIn 1904 , Alfred Binet and Theodor Simon , a French psychologist 2 designing an evaluation tool that can be used to identify students who need special classes (children who are less intelligent ) . The test tool called the Binet - Simon test . The test is then revised in 1911 .In 1916, Lewis Terman , a psychologist from the United States held a lot of improvement from the Binet - Simon test . Its main contribution is to set numerical index that states intelligence as a ratio ( ratio ) between mental age and chronological age . This improvement is called Test results Stanford_Binet . Such index has actually introduced by a German psychologist named William Stern , who became known as the Intelligence Quotient or IQ . Stanford - Binet test is widely used to measure the intelligence of children up to the age of 13 years .One reaction to the Binet - Simon test or the Stanford - Binet test is that the test was too general . A leader in this field , Charles Sperrman argued that intelligence is not only made ​​up of only one common factor (general factor) , but also consists of factors that are more specific . This theory is called the theory of factor ( Factor Theory of Intelligence ) . The assays were developed according to the theory of these factors is the WAIS ( Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ) for adults , and WISC ( Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children ) for children .In addition to the tools above tests , many assays developed with more specific objectives , in accordance with the objectives and culture where the assay was made .Intelligence and TalentIntelligence is a concept about the general ability of individuals in adjusting to the environment . In general abilities , the abilities are very specific . Specific abilities this gives the individual a condition that allows the achievement of knowledge , skills , or particular skills after going through a workout . This is called Talent or Aptitude . Because an intelligence test is not designed to uncover special abilities , the talent can not be immediately known by intelligence tests .The tools used to uncover this special ability called aptitude tests or aptitude tests . Aptitude tests are designed to uncover the learning achievement in a particular field is called the Scholastic Aptitude Test and is used in the field of work is Vocational Aptitude Test and Interest Inventory . Examples of the Scholastic Aptitude Test is a test of Academic Potential ( TPA ) and the Graduate Record Examination ( GRE ) . While examples of Vocational Aptitude Test or the Interest Inventory is a Differential Aptitude Test ( DAT ) and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey .Intelligence and CreativityCreativity is one of the characteristics of intelligent behavior because creativity is also a manifestation of a cognitive process . Nevertheless , the relationship between creativity and intelligence do not always show satisfactory evidence . Although there is a presumption that creativity has a linear curve of relations with intelligence , but the evidence obtained from the various studies do not support it . Low IQ scores is followed by a low level of creativity as well . But the higher IQ scores , not always followed by a high level of creativity as well . Up to a certain IQ score , there are still a significant correlation . But higher again , it did not find any relationship between IQ with levels of creativity .
Experts have been trying to figure out why this happened . J. P. Guilford explains that creativity is a process that is divergent thinking , the ability to provide a variety of alternative answers based on the information provided . In contrast , only intelligence tests designed to measure thinking processes that are convergent , ie the ability to provide a single answer or a logical conclusion based on the information provided . This is the result of the traditional education pattern that is less attention to the development process of divergent thinking ability even though this proved to be very instrumental in the progress made by the various science