Reading Disorder Dyslexia

One of the causes of learning disorders that are often experienced by school children is Dyslexic. Dyslexia is a specific reading disorder, in children. Dyslexia on about 80% of a group of individuals with learning disorders. Famous people who are known to have Albert Einstein was dyslexic dysfunction, Tom Cruise, Orlando Bloom, Whoopi Goldberg, Lee Kuan Yew and Vanessa Amorosi.

   Dyslexia (dyslexia) is a condition in which a person's learning disability is caused by difficulties on such person in performing the activities of reading and writing. The word dyslexia comes from the dys-δυς-Greece ("trouble") and λέξις lexis ("letter" or "lexical").

In General, these limitations are only aimed at someone's difficulties in reading and writing, but are not limited to the development of other standards such as the capabilities of intelligence, ability to analyze and sensory power is also on the sense of taste.

Terminology of dyslexia is also used to refer to the loss of the ability to read a person's due as a result of damage to the brain. Dyslexia on this type is often referred to as Aleksia. In addition to affecting the ability to read and write, also the case with dyslexia also affects the ability to speak on a few pengidapnya.

   Dyslexic physically would not be seen as a sufferer. Dyslexia is not only limited to the inability to compose or read a sentence in reverse order but also in various sequences, including from top to bottom, left and right, and it is difficult to receive commands that should proceed to the memory in the brain. This often causes a Dyslexic is not considered concentrations in some respects. In other cases, it was found that sufferers are not able to answer questions such as the description, length.

   The researchers found this dysfunction caused by the condition of the biochemistry of the brain unstable and also in some ways a result of innate descended from parents.

   There are two types of dyslexia, developmental dyslexsia (innate from birth) and aquired dyslexsia (obtained due to disturbance or a change in the way the brain left to read). Developmental dyslexsia suffered throughout the life of the patient and is usually genetic. Some studies mention that the disease is associated with dysfunction of the gray areas in the brain. Such dysfunction is associated with changes in connectivity in the area fonologis (reading). Some of the early signs of dyslexia late talking is innate, not clear articulation and terbalik-balik, the difficulty of learning the shapes and sounds of the letters, confused between the concepts of space and time, as well as difficulty digesting the verbal instructions, fast, and sequence. At school age, generally a Dyslexic can experience keuslitan combine the letters into words, difficulty reading, the difficulty of holding a stationery well, and the difficulty in receiving.

The theory of left brain and right brain

According to the theory of domination left brain or right brain, each side of the brain controls a wide variety of different ideas. In addition, the theory suggests that a person will be more dominant using one part of the brain than the others. For example, someone who "left-brained" are often said to be more logical, analytical and objective, while the "berotak right" is said to be more intuitive, wise and subjective.

In the science of psychology, this theory is based on what is known as the lateralisasi brain function. The theory of the brain left brain and right starting from the works of Roger w. Sperry, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981. While studying the effects of epilepsy, Sperry discovered that by cutting the corpus collosum (the structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain) will be able to reduce or eliminate seizures.

However, these patients also experience other symptoms after the lines of communication between the two sides of the brain is cut off. For example, many patients who do brain separation does not mention the name of objects that can be processed by the right side of the brain, but are able to mention the name of the object that is processed by the left side of the brain. Based on this information, Sperry said that language is controlled by the left side of the brain.

Later research has shown that the brain hardly dikotomis as once predicted. For example, recent research has shown that ability in subjects like mathematics is actually more powerful when both parts of the brain work together.

BIAS-BIAS IN SOCIAL PERCEPTION

Often a person's evaluation of other people based only on appearance when the people first interact. In other words, people often judge people based solely on their first appearance. People who display a good impression when first met, tend to be considered good for all. Bias or deviation like this is usually referred to as the halo effect bias. However sometimes we also tend to judge people who display a bad impression when we first met him as a bad person. This is referred to as the negativity Bias.

     A tendency to rely on judgments against others on a first impression would be or cause bias because of a false assertion made that are not based on complete information (sarlito, 2009) information about the person is obtained at the time of first met does not represent the entirety of the person's thoughts and feelings.

     In everyday life, it is not often we judge a person from a series of actions that we can associate with certain properties. For example for example, a lecture at the time when it begins more or less half an hour, enter a student arriving late. With the search for Student Rush seats are still empty and available for her. After sitting the students immediately took out some stuff from tasanya to tergopoh-gopoh, then enter again into his bag because it does not find the items they want. Then with tergopoh also he is looking for something in your pocket and celannya and it seems like she found what she was looking for. The clothes he wore rumpled look and her hair is not tersisir neat. From the example the example, we could have just as easily found this as a person who does not and cannot regulate tertip himself well and also people are messy. Our assessment is that accurate? It could be, not. The students were showing such behavior, it could be because on the way to the campus of the troubled aircraft vehicle on the road, so he didn't get to again prepare him better, so the rush towards the campus.

     The tendency to put internal factor or cause considerable disposisional, shown by many people. The phenomenon which is characterized by a tendency to consider factor causes less ekternal by Jones (1979), referred to as koresponensi bias. Another perception of Bias that tends to be done by the people most is biased towards its own group or so called in-group bias or favoritism (group in favoritism towards the group itself. This Bias is caused because we have kecendurungan to like members of our own group than members of other groups (Allaen and Wilder, 1975).

     in certain circumstances, it is very likely we are also showing a bias which conflicts with a member in the group. Such a Bias could be due to our own group members behave as a negative. It means that our group members have shifted from the values and norms of the group. This Bias is related to the problems of our social group identity. When someone in a group social I did something good then I also feel good about myself. But if someone from my group did a bad thing, then I feel bad too, moderate course this happened because I know that other people are going to judge me based on the behaviour of the members of my group to join. In such circumstances, I might treat or evaluate the bad things done by the members of my group were more negative than similar nasty things shown people from other groups. Well the conditions or circumstances in the social psychology known as black sheep effect or black sheep effect (Marques & Leyens, 1988).

    The Bias in social perception can also occur due to an asymmetry between the own group and other groups (in-out-group group asymmetry), i.e. the tendency of people to memepersepsikan own group with standard ways with different means and standard perceives other people.

    in certain circumstances, it is very likely we are also showing a bias which conflicts with a member in the group. Such a Bias could be due to our own group members behave as a negative. It means that our group members have shifted from the values and norms of the group. This Bias is related to the problems of our social group identity. When someone in a group social I did something good then I also feel good about myself. But if someone from my group did a bad thing, then I feel bad too, moderate course this happened because I know that other people are going to judge me based on the behaviour of the members of my group to join. In such circumstances, I might treat or evaluate the bad things done by the members of my group were more negative than similar nasty things shown people from other groups. Well the conditions or circumstances in the social psychology known as black sheep effect or black sheep effect (Marques & Leyens, 1988).

     The Bias in social perception can also occur due to an asymmetry between the own group and other groups (in-out-group group asymmetry), i.e. the tendency of people to memepersepsikan own group with standard ways with different means and standard perceives other people.

                                               

Juvenile Delinquency

     Juvenile delinquency is usually done by teens-teens who fail to undergo his mental development processes, both during adolescence and childhood. Childhood and adolescence lasted so briefly, with the development of the physical, psychic, and emotions that so quickly. Psychologically, juvenile delinquency is a manifestation of the conflicts are not resolved properly on the childhood and Adolescence of the culprit. Often found that there was a trauma in her past, rude and unpleasant treatment from its surroundings, as well as its conditions of trauma, such as the economic conditions that make him feel inferior. But in fact people tend to direct blame, judge, even punishing the offender without seeking the causes of juvenile delinquency, the background of his behavior.

     Addressing juvenile delinquency, re-arrange the torn teenagers emotions. Emotions and feelings they damaged because it feels rejected by families, parents, friends, as well as its environment since childhood, and the failure of the process of the development of the adolescent psyche. Trauma-trauma in his life must be resolved, the psychological conflicts that hangs to be resolved, and they should be given a different environment from the environment before. The question is: who is that all tasks? Parents-kah? While the parents are getting too giddy thinking of the problems of employment and other living expenses. His brother-kah? They also had a problem on its own, perhaps even they too have the same problem. Government-kah? Or who? Not easy to answer. However, providing a good environment early on, with an understanding of the development of our children properly, will help reduce juvenile delinquency. At least not increase the number of existing cases.

Teenage Problems

     Lately the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency was further expanded. Even this has been going on since the first. Experts both legal experts, psychologists, religious scholars and others always peeling problem that was never this inexhaustible. Juvenile delinquency, like a black circle that never connect connect disconnect, from time to time, from time to time, from year to year and even from day to day more complicated. The problem of teenage acquaintance is a complex issue took place in various cities in Indonesia. In line with the current globalization and technology that is increasingly growing, the flow of information is increasingly accessible as well as lifestyle, in addition to facilitate modernization in knowing a variety of information in different media, on the other hand also brought a negative impact of pervasive enough in different walks of life.

     Demographic Health Survey results Indonesia (SDKI) indicates the number of teens in Indonesia reached 30% of the total population, so about 1.2 million inhabitants. It certainly can be if people adolescence asset may indicate potential positive but instead would be a catastrophe if the teenager showed negative behaviors even to get involved in juvenile delinquency.

Conditions of adolescents in Indonesia at this time can be described as follows:

1. the marriage age teen

2. pre marital Sex and pregnancy do not refrigerate

3. Abortion 1.5 jt: 700-800 thousand was a teen

4. MMR 356/100,000 (17,000/th, 1417/MTHS, 47/hr women died) because of the complications of pregnancy and childbirth

5. HIV/AIDS: 1283 case, estimated 52,000 infected (the phenomenon of iceberg), 70% of teenagers

6. alcoholic beverages and drugs.

     The figures above are quite astounding, how could a young teen, innocent, energetic potential, becoming a parent, community and hopes the nation can fall in waste of disgrace, it is unfortunate. Unawares at this point, out there Kids Teens we are entangled in the influence of drugs, alcoholic beverages, free sex, abortion and other juvenile delinquency. Even the predicted figures will continue to climb, such as iceberg phenomena, not looking on the surface but if traced deeper it turns out many found fairly shocking case case.

     Juvenile delinquency in modern times this has exceeded all reasonable limits. Many children under an already known Smoking, drugs, Freesex, and involved many other criminal actions. This fact can not be diungkuri again, you can see the brutalnya teens these days. And I've seen with my own eyes when a child class a HIGH SCHOOL focused on me, was arrested by POLICE picked up/become a croupier gele, better known to us with dope.It all could have happened due to factors of juvenile delinquency, the following:

-lack of parental affection.

-lack of supervision from parents.

-Association with friends who are not peers.

the role of science and technology development-the negative impact.

-the absence of guidance from the school's personality.

-basics of religion that is less

-absence of media talent and his hobby retailer

-kebasan overload

the landfilled.

Tips for addressing and preventing juvenile delinquency, namely:

-The need for affection and attention from parents in any case.

-The existence of supervision from parents who are not reined in. for example: we can only let him do anything that is still reasonable, and if according to our scrutiny he has crossed the line that ideally, we as parents need to tell she's impact and consequences should be taken away from us when he keeps doing things that were over the limit.

-Let him hang out with friends who are the same age, the difference is only 2 or 3 good years her senior. Because if we let him hang out with friends a very playful with her peers, not that her lifestyle is certainly different, then he could get carried away a lifestyle that might not need him should get more money.

-Supervision and intensive need of communication media such as tv, radio, internet, mobile, etc.

-The need for personality in school guidance, because that's where the children spend more time in the House.

-The necessity of religious pembelanjaran at early stages, such as worship and visit places of worship in accordance with his faith.

      Addressing juvenile delinquency, re-arrange the torn teenagers emotions. Emotions and feelings they damaged because it feels rejected by families, parents, friends, as well as its environment since childhood, and the failure of the process of the development of the adolescent psyche. Trauma-trauma in his life must be resolved, the psychological conflicts that hangs to be resolved, and they should be given a different environment from the environment before. The question is: who is that all tasks? Parents-kah? While the parents are getting too giddy thinking of the problems of employment and other living expenses. His brother-kah? They also had a problem on its own, perhaps even they too have the same problem. Government-kah? Or who? Not easy to answer. However, providing a good environment early on, with an understanding of the development of our children properly, will help reduce juvenile delinquency. At least not increase the number of existing cases.

Novia Rahayu Utami (12410067)